The Minister for Finance, Michael McGrath TD, has welcomed data published by the Central Statistics Office (CSO) which shows a General Government Surplus of €8.3 billion last year, the equivalent of 2.9 percent of GNI*. This compares with an €8.6 billion (3.2 percent of GNI*) surplus in 2022. A record level of corporation tax receipts in 2023, just under €24 billion, is a key part of the surplus.  Previously large budgetary deficits were recorded in 2020 and 2021 as the Government provided support to households and firms during the pandemic.  Commenting on the figures, the Minister for Finance, Michael McGrath T.D. said:  “I welcome today’s figures which show the Irish government achieved a significant budgetary surplus in 2023 for the second year in a row. This result is testament to the careful management of our public finances in recent years and gives us options that are not open to many peer countries in the developed world.  It is also noteworthy that General Government Debt fell in 2023 compared to the previous year. Next week, Minister Donohoe and I will publish the Stability Programme Update (SPU) which will again project that our public finances will remain in healthy positive territory this year and in the coming years.  However, it is important not to lose sight of the fact that at least part of the surplus is due to the strength of corporation tax receipts, some of which is likely to prove windfall in nature. While our headline position is strong, this can change quickly given the inherent volatility in our corporation tax receipts and the dependence we have on revenues from a small number of multinational companies.  In this context, it is imperative that transitory revenue streams are not used to finance permanent increases in expenditure or reductions in taxation. With this in mind, Government recently published legislation providing for the establishment of the Future Ireland Fund and the Infrastructure, Climate and Nature Fund. The Bill has now passed second stage in the Dáil and will proceed to committee stage shortly.  The Future Ireland Fund will help deal with future expenditure pressures including ageing, climate, digitalisation and other fiscal and economic challenges. This is not a rainy day fund because these are costs we know are coming our way. If we don’t make provision for them now, future governments will face very difficult choices in the years to come to ensure revenues match the expenditure commitments of an ageing population. The purpose of the Future Ireland Fund is to support State expenditure from 2041 onwards in a consistent and sustainable manner.  The Infrastructure, Climate and Nature Fund will seek to deal with the historic pro-cyclicality of public spending and to assist with climate change objectives and nature, water quality and biodiversity issues. I want to ensure that no future government ever has to slash investment in critical infrastructure in areas such as housing, transport, health, education and energy, when we encounter an economic downturn or shock. The ‘stop, start’ approach to public capital investment must be consigned to history.  These two new long-term funds will make the future safer for our economy, our public finances and our people. My aim is to have the legislation enacted before the summer recess and have the Funds in place later this year.  I now look forward to the publication of the SPU next week, the National Economic Dialogue next month, and the publication of the Summer Economic Statement before the summer recess, as we work towards Budget 2025 next October.”  *Gross National Income (GNI) is an indicator designed specifically to measure the size of the Irish economy by excluding Globalisation effects. 

In recent weeks we have issued several reminders that 30 April 2024 is the deadline for the end of the VAT margin scheme in respect of second-hand vehicles moved to Northern Ireland from Great Britain prior to 1 May 2023. If these vehicles are sold after 30 April 2024, VAT will therefore be chargeable on the full selling price and not on the margin made.   Readers are also reminded that vehicles moved to Northern Ireland from GB on or after 1 May 2023 can use the new VAT related payment scheme, if certain conditions are met. However, this is not available if the vehicle was moved to Northern Ireland prior to 1 May 2023.  

Check out the latest items on the Agent Forum. Remember, in order to view each item, you must be signed up and logged in.   All agents, who are a member of a professional body, are invited to join HMRC’s Agent Forum. This dedicated Agent Forum is hosted in a private area within the HMRC’s Online Taxpayer Forum. You can interact with other agents and HMRC experts to discuss topical issues and processes. 

Revenue, in conjunction with the Department of Social Protection (DSP), is hosting in-person information sessions for people over the age of 65 in April and May. The sessions will be held in Dublin, Louth and Donegal from 29 April to 3 May 2024.   Information will be provided on Capital Acquisitions Tax (CAT), PAYE, income tax and DSP Long-term Carers Contribution. There will also be presentations from Citizen’s Information and the Law Society (Wills).  Those attending the meeting must register in advance by calling 085 8582633 or emailing Over65Outreach@revenue.ie, before 24 April if possible.  Further details are available on Revenue’s website. 

Do you use HMRC online services? Don’t be caught out by the planned downtime to some services. HMRC are warning about the non-availability of specific services on the HMRC website, a range of services are impacted. Check the relevant page for information on planned downtime. 

In this week’s EU exit corner, we bring you the latest guidance updates and publications relevant to EU exit. The most recent Trader Support Service bulletin is also available and InterTrade Ireland is hosting a series of free webinars to help businesses navigate trade between Ireland, Northern Ireland and Great Britain (“GB”). HMRC has also launched a new online service for businesses importing goods into GB and Northern Ireland and we update you on some matters discussed at a recent meeting of HMRC’s Northern Ireland Joint Customs Consultative Committee.  New online service for importers  Businesses importing goods into any part of the UK can now use a new HMRC online service for the following purposes:- view and manage your cash account (top up and withdraw funds);  set up a Direct Debit for and top up a duty deferment account;  request older statements and certificates;  view and manage your general guarantee account;  manage the email address linked to your account;  access secure messages from HMRC related to your account; and  set up, manage, or view account authorities.  You can also view and download:- duty deferment statements;  import VAT certificates (C79);  postponed import VAT statements; and  notification of adjustment statements.  In order to use the service, you must be subscribed to the Customs Declaration service (“CDS”) and can sign in to the new service using the Government Gateway user ID and password used to subscribe the CDS.  Meeting of HMRC’s Northern Ireland Joint Customs Consultative Committee (“NI JCCC”)  The Institute was in attendance at the most recent meeting of HMRC’s NI JCCC, a stakeholder forum to discuss Northern Ireland specific customs issues as a result of the UK’s departure from the EU.  At the meeting HMRC presented on the issue of consumer parcels being sent from GB to NI. A new system will be operational from Spring 2024, the UK Carrier Scheme, before the next phase of the Windsor Framework takes effect from 30 September 2024. In summary, from 30 September 2024, consumer parcels will be able to be sent from GB to NI without customs declarations. However, some information will need to be provided in bulk under the new UK Carrier scheme which aims to remove the burden from the border.  HMRC will issue further guidance and stated that they will not be auditing large movements of parcels. However, if there is a perception of potential abuse of the scheme, for example by moving goods from GB to NI for the purposes of onwards movement into the EU, HMRC will raise this with carriers. A number of upcoming milestones were also highlighted which we will provide more details on in due course.   The consultation on the introduction of the UK’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (“CBAM”) was also discussed. This will be introduced from 1 January 2027. The Government is considering minimum thresholds and plans to operate this like a domestic tax making the person who is responsible for the goods the person responsible for paying this tax, not the customs agent. This will be implemented by primary and secondary legislation and will also be followed by the development of guidance.   A question was asked if there is a liability to the EU CBAM for Northern Ireland importers if Northern Ireland importers are moving the goods into the EU, but the goods are coming from GB into Northern Ireland. HMRC confirmed that imports into Northern Ireland are not subject to the requirements of EU CBAM. Imports into the EU, including Ireland, are subject to the EU CBAM.   Miscellaneous updated guidance etc.   Recently updated guidance, and publications relevant to EU exit are set out below:-  External temporary storage facilities codes for Data Element 5/23 of the Customs Declaration Service;  Data Element 2/3: Documents and Other Reference Codes (Union) of the Customs Declaration Service;  Known error workarounds for the Customs Declaration Service (CDS);  Apply for a voluntary clearance amendment (underpayment) (C2001);  Access trader testing for the New Computerised Transit System Phase 5;  Customs Importer and Exporter Population 2023; and  Customs Importer and Exporter Population. 

Revenue has published statistics for Local Property Tax (LPT) 2024 indicating compliance of 95 percent for returns filed and 87 percent for tax paid. To date €311 million has been paid for 2024 LPT. Revenue has noted that 10,584 payment arrangements are in place where a return has yet to be filed. Revenue has advised that those taxpayers should file an LPT return as soon as possible in order to avoid issues at a later date.   

Ahead of the 1 May 2024 deadline, the Minister for Finance Michael McGrath TD is encouraging businesses availing of the Debt Warehousing Scheme (DWS) to engage now with Revenue to agree arrangements to repay their warehoused debt. The Minister has noted Revenue’s flexible approach to working with taxpayers to manage their liabilities over a timeline that suits their particular circumstances on a case-by-case basis.   Revenue has stated that there is no expectation on businesses to have all their warehoused debt paid in full by 1 May. They must, however, have engaged with Revenue by submitting an ePPA online via ROS to address their warehoused debt. Where a business plans to use an approved refund/credit to pay some or all of their debt, they must notify Revenue in advance of 1 May 2024.   Revenue has updated its website to include a video recording to outline the key actions businesses need to take now and the payment options available. In addition, Revenue has also updated the Debt Warehousing Information Booklet to outline some key Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) in relation to the payment of warehoused debt.   Section 997A TCA 1997 operates to deny directors/employees with a material interest in the company a credit for tax deducted from their remuneration until such tax has been remitted to the Collector-General. The credit for tax deducted cannot exceed the tax actually remitted in respect of that person’s emoluments. Revenue has provided clarification on the approach for section 997A TCA 1997 regarding warehoused debt relating to emoluments paid to directors/employees with a material interest in the company. In such circumstances, both the company and the director/employee will need to enter into a formal phased payment arrangement (PPA) for their warehoused liabilities via ROS. However, the director/employee may request a payment break for the PPA until such time as the company has paid its liability in full. Revenue is aware that some companies may need an extended period of time to pay off the warehoused debt. Revenue Legislation Services (RLS) is currently considering the position. It is not intended that the director/employee will be negatively impacted where the company pays its full Employer PAYE liability (i.e. credit for PAYE paid will be available to the director/employee where the Employer PAYE liability is paid in full, even outside of the usual 4-year time limit).   Revenue will continue with its approach to PPAs so long as the taxpayer continues to file their current tax returns and pay current liabilities as they fall due, and they engage with Revenue in advance of 1 May to agree to agree arrangements to address their liabilities. The Minister last week highlighted that the payment of current taxes, mainly employer’s PAYE, PRSI and VAT, and arrears arising outside the warehouse periods is considered to be a key indicator of a business’s viability.  To assist customers as the debt warehouse deadline approaches, the Collector General’s Division will be extending the opening hours for their phone lines from 9.30 to 16.30 from 24 April to 3 May.  The Minister also noted that at the end of March Revenue wrote to customers providing them with a schedule of their debt and highlighting the immediate action required before 1 May 2024 to address the debt and the flexible payment options available.  Warehoused debt of €1.65 billion remains outstanding in respect of 55,490 individual taxpayers, 70 percent of which owe amounts less than €5,000. The bulk of the debt, €1.41 billion, is owed by 5,040 taxpayers, each owing in excess of €50,000. At 31 March 2024 2,760 taxpayers had agreed PPAs for warehoused debt totalling €237 million.  The Minister also noted Revenue’s approach in refunding taxpayers who have paid interest at 3 percent on warehoused debt and by adjusting the terms of PPAs.  Commenting on the latest statistics, Minister McGrath stated:  “The reducing amount of debt in the warehouse and the associated number of customers involved demonstrates that businesses are working with Revenue to pay the amounts due. However, the liabilities of over 55,000 customers remain in the warehouse. Many of these customers have engaged with Revenue, as is evidenced by the increase in numbers of PPAs in place, however, for those businesses that have not already done so, the key message is that they should engage with Revenue now, in order to agree arrangements to address their debts and avail of the flexibilities being offered in relation to this debt. Taxpayers must have submitted their application for a Phased Payment Arrangement (PPA) using Revenue’s online Service (ROS) by 1 May 2024, where appropriate.  It is important to note that, businesses are not required to pay all of their warehoused debt by 1 May 2024. However, in order to avail of the 0 percent interest and flexible payment options, they are required to engage with Revenue to make arrangements to pay the debt over an agreed period of time, based on their individual circumstances and capacity to pay. A key condition of the scheme is that taxpayers continue to file their current tax returns on time and meet their current tax liabilities as they fall due.  Finally, I welcome the pragmatic and fair approach being taken by Revenue and their efforts in assisting their customers agree a realistic payment plan tailored to their particular circumstances.” 

  The theme of Earth Day 2024 (April 22) is Planet vs Plastics.  Planet vs. Plastics unites students, parents, businesses, governments, churches, unions, individuals, and NGOs in an unwavering commitment to call for the end of plastics for the sake of human and planetary health, demanding a 60% reduction in the production of plastics by 2040 and an ultimate goal of building a plastic-free future for generations to come.  About Earth Day First held on April 22, 1970, Earth Day is an annual day to demonstrate support for environmental protection. It now includes a wide range of events coordinated globally by earthday.org, working to drive meaningful action for our planet across these issues: Climate Action, Science and Education, People and Communities, and Conservation and Restoration, and Plastic and Pollution.  Here are some resources from Earth.Day.org: join or create a clean up: The Great Global Cleanup® is a worldwide campaign to remove billions of pieces of rubbish from neighborhoods, beaches, rivers, lakes, trails, and parks — reducing waste and plastic pollution, improving habitats, and preventing harm to wildlife and humans. It aims to continue clean ups every day of the year for a brighter, greener, and cleaner planet. check out the Earth Day 2024 End Plastics Action Toolkit 52 actions and tips to make a difference, every day of the year Learn More About Plastic Pollution (Factsheets)  Earth Day and Accountants On Earth Day 2022, the chief executives of 10 of the world’s leading accountancy institutes joined together to support a call to action in response to the nature crisis, ahead of the upcoming UN Convention of Biological Diversity (CBD) COP 15. Working together as part of the Global Accounting Alliance (GAA), the CEOs signed the call to action ‘Nature is Everyone’s Business’ to signal the important role the profession plays in this crisis.  Since then nearly every country on Earth has signed up to the most ambitious plan ever to protect nature, and nature and biodiversity have rapidly risen up the corporate agenda as more and more companies understand the need to protect it. International initiatives addressing nature have developed: the Task Force on Nature-related Financial Disclosures (TNFD) which develops risk management and disclosure frameworks for organisations to report and act on evolving nature-related risks; the European Sustainability Reporting Standards (ESRS) E4 standard specifically addresses corporate sustainability relating to biodiversity and ecosystems. The ultimate aim is to support a shift in global financial flows towards nature-positive outcomes. You can find out more about accounting for nature in the Chartered Accountants Ireland Sustainability Centre. Some quick resources are here: A quick read about nature and numbers Find out about Accounting for Nature on the Chartered Accountants Ireland Sustainability Centre Read our call to action ‘Nature is Everyone’s Business’ to signal the important role the profession plays in this crisis. Check out the Business for Biodiversity Ireland, the not-for-profit organisation helping Irish businesses transition towards a nature positive way of working Read about Navigating TNFD: A new era in nature reporting from Accounting for Sustainability (A4S) Watch Earth Day Live event series Follow updates on X: #EarthDay2024

World Wildlife Day 2022 was a day not traditionally associated with businesses! However, on this day the chief executives of 10 of the world’s leading accountancy institutes joined together to support a new call to action in response to the nature crisis. Working together as part of the Global Accounting Alliance (GAA), the CEOs signed the call to action ‘Nature is Everyone’s Business’ to signal the important role the profession plays in this crisis.  Every business relies on nature. Healthy societies, resilient economies and thriving businesses depend on it. But while protecting nature has been of increasing importance to policy makers concepts like ‘nature’, ‘biodiversity’ and ‘ecosystems’ have long been considered as something that exists firmly outside the office window. Without being overtly aware of it, though, businesses are in an ecosystem on which they have an impact, and which impacts on them. And that ecosystem is under severe threat. Our natural world is facing one million species under the threat of extinction, with a consequent impact on the environment in which we live and work. The International Finance Corporation, a member of the World Bank Group, describes biodiversity as a fundamental component of long-term business survival. Businesses are dependent on nature and biodiversity for supplies of raw materials, fuel, availability of clean water, clean air, pollination, crops, climate regulation for a stable climate, and a healthy safe environment. They rely on it for the wellbeing of their staff, their consumers, in their own operations and along their supply chains. Experts warn biodiversity loss poses as much of a threat to our planet as climate change, but businesses struggle to understand their connection with biodiversity and its relevance to their business. This leaves them potentially vulnerable to a range of risks. In 2020, the World Economic Forum (WEF) ranked biodiversity loss and ecosystem collapse as one of the top five risks for the coming 10 years in terms of likelihood and social and economic impact. The IPCC report published this week pointed to ‘non-climatic global trends’, like biodiversity loss, as being a crucial to threat to our continued survival. Sectors like fisheries, forestry and agriculture and agri-food will be directly affected by nature loss – for example, rising temperatures causing the extinction of a species that pollinates plants, leading to global shortages of certain products, leading to rising prices, and hunger. But any business involving a direct interaction between people and nature is similarly threatened, the most obvious being the tourism industry and much of the hospitality sector. For these businesses, the nature loss is a significant business risk, but most businesses suffer indirectly from nature impairment. So what can businesses do? A lot, it seems. A report to the National Parks and Wildlife Service, of the Department of Housing, Local Government and Heritage prepared by Optimize, Irish Forum on Nature Capital and AECOM in 2020, found that business has a considerable role to play in protecting biodiversity. This sentiment is echoed by Business in the Community Ireland (BITCI) in its Biodiversity Handbook, which has resources for business biodiversity action for business. In Northern Ireland, Business in the Community has created a Business and Biodiversity Charter as a framework for businesses to engage with biodiversity. The Charter is based around a staged approach, and is applicable to all organisations from micro-businesses to large facilities owned by multi-national companies. Some actions businesses can take are Build awareness Knowledge is power. Businesses can utilise resources such as those provided by Natural Capital Ireland (NCI), those in the BITCI’s Biodiversity Handbook, the resources provided by Business in the Community in Northern Ireland, or global sources such as Business for Nature. Build biodiversity into your strategy. For many businesses, this means focussing on what used to be called the ‘triple bottom line’ of people, planet and profit, where benefits to humanity, the environment and the financial bottom line are given equal prominence by a business. Define what is material to you. Business for Nature describes this as “Assess[ing] your impacts and dependencies on nature to ensure you are committing and acting on the most material ones”. You can create an impact by connecting with your local community, engaging in clean-up projects, or grow-your-own workshops, and provide leadership and opportunities for your team to promote action on nature protection. Keep an eye on developments In Ireland NCI is working to develop a national Business and Biodiversity Platform to support businesses to act to combat the biodiversity crisis. This an online hub will help the private sector recognise the risks posed by biodiversity loss and take measurable, practical actions to halt the growing crisis. Greenwash at your peril Many businesses are embracing biodiversity and environmental sustainability as a means of differentiating themselves competitively to attract customers, client staff and even access to access to finance. However, businesses must be transparent about their activities. Accountability is king, so if you pledge to do something, do and it disclose it, and ensure that it will have an impact. Biodiversity is increasing in importance to business, and businesses will be expected to know about biodiversity action and to engage with it.

With the first reporting deadline for CESOP around the corner, it is critical that your company is fully prepared, writes Emma Broderick From 2024, all European Union (EU) payment service providers (PSPs) will be required under legislation to record and report transactional data in excess of 25 cross-border payments quarterly. This includes banks, electronic money institutions and other regulated payment institutions. The information given will be stored in a centralised European database – the Central Electronic System of Payment (CESOP) – and all information will be made available to anti-fraud experts. This has been brought in to help combat e-commerce VAT fraud. The first reporting deadline is 30 April 2024, meaning payment service providers have less than two weeks to file the report. Here are five key points to consider when helping payment service providers. The Central Electronic System of Payment (CESOP) report must be filed in the country where the PSP provides a payment service according to the payment license. For many providers offering payment services in multiple countries under an EU passport, a CESOP report must be filed in each country. Registration is required in most countries, but the manner of registration differs. In some countries, the PSP must apply to access the CESOP portal, while tax registration is required in other countries. Sometimes, the PSP must apply for a certificate. Unfortunately, in a few countries, it is necessary to have all three. The CESOP registration for Irish-resident PSPs can be completed using the online system operated by the Revenue Commissioners (Revenue). Revenue has also developed a Non-Resident Registration app for PSPs resident outside Ireland. In some cases, filing the CESOP report requires the use of special software, an electronic certificate, special encryption or an electronic signature. For example, in the Netherlands, you must have a public key infrastructure (PKI) government certificate and access to the Digipoort bestandsuitwisseling FTP. In Ireland, a PSP can engage the services of an intermediary to prepare and file the CESOP report without the PSP having to use any further technical tools. That is also the case in many other countries. There is a standard XML format for preparing and filing the CESOP report, but a specific heading is required in several countries. Revenue will have guidance on the headings needed for Ireland. The data in the CESOP report must comply with the CESOP requirements. There are various ways to check this. The European Commission website has a CESOP validation module, for example. However, please be aware that the European Commission has recently released new explanatory notes on the requirements of the file. The explanatory notes state that PCPs must consolidate all transactions for a single account under the same payee. Reporting per payment instead of per payee results in an incorrect report. Next steps We recommend PSPs establish the countries in which a CESOP report must be filed as soon as possible. If those countries require registration, it is important to do this immediately to meet the 30 April deadline. Although the market has asked for this, there is currently no general extension, which means many countries will continue to maintain the 30 April deadline. It is a good idea to test the data that will be filed to avoid it being rejected or returned with error messages. Emma Broderick is a Director with KPMG

Ireland’s placement in this year’s PwC Private Business Attractiveness Index has been helped by our start-up ecosystem and talent but challenges remain in other areas, writes Colm O’Callaghan Ireland ranks ninth among 33 EMEA countries as a location for private businesses to thrive, according to this year’s PwC Private Business Attractiveness Index. This is higher than Ireland’s 2022 ranking in 14th place, but below last year’s ranking in seventh place.   The index ranks the relative attractiveness of the environment and conditions needed for private businesses to thrive based on ten categories. These include: Macroeconomics. Private business landscape. Tax and regulatory environment. Sustainability and climate. Social responsibility and governance. Public health. Education. Skills and talent. Technology and infrastructure. Start-up ecosystem. While sustainability and climate, social responsibility, governance and public health all impact this year's rankings, three categories correlate highly with the countries’ overall ranking. These are private business landscape, technology and infrastructure, and start-up ecosystem. Virtually all jurisdictions in the higher positions perform strongly in these areas, more than making up for their lower scores in other categories. Conversely, tax and regulatory regimes and macroeconomic data categories – or even GDP per capita – have less bearing on the overall performance in the index. The index confirms that countries need to focus continually on the fundamentals that support an attractive environment for businesses in order to encourage and attract entrepreneurs and business founders. Trends in Ireland Several positives are driving Ireland’s attractiveness as a place for private businesses to thrive: It is in sixth place for ‘start-up ecosystem’; It is in ninth place for ‘education, skills and talent’; and It is in tenth place for ‘tax and regulatory environment’, up from 20th in 2021. Some concerning trends have outweighed these positives this year, however. Ireland’s ranking for ‘macroeconomics’ has fallen to sixth place this year, down from first last year. This is a significant slide, much of it stemming from the cost of living crisis and the fact that rising costs in the private business sector were most keenly felt in 2023. In this regard, Ireland ranked 30 out of 33 for the cost of electricity and 29 out of 33 for the cost of living metrics, impacting its overall macroeconomic standing. Ireland also scores 13th place and eighth, respectively, for ‘sustainability and climate’ and ‘social, responsibility and governance’. Ireland's overall fall by two positions to ninth place in this year’s index reflects the intense pressure some private businesses are under and the urgent need for continued support for this important sector of our economy.  In recent years, private businesses have had to deal with the pandemic followed by a period of steep inflation, high interest rates, electricity price rises and other cost pressures, often while working with restrained cash flows. Private businesses now face further cost pressures ranging from an increased minimum wage, pension auto-enrolment and employer PRSI hikes all coming together. It is good news that the Minister for Finance has announced that the interest rate on tax debt (frozen since the pandemic) has been cut to zero and that the Revenue Commissioners has indicating that it will take a flexible approach to the repayments. However, new and creative long term solutions may still be needed to help businesses service or repay the debt due while continuing to grow.  A key driver of Government over the next 12 to 24 months must be simple, clear and longterm policy measures aimed at supporting private businesses and further encouraging entrepreneurship and innovation. In particular, Ireland needs to do more to help support indigenous private businesses to become world leaders in their sector. Supporting businesses to invest in their finance teams and performance-led transformation could, for example, help them scale and internationalise faster. Business owners could also be given access to the reduced 10 percent rate of Entrepreneur Relief on the payment of a salary instead of having to sell their business. This would encourage the retention of businesses in the private sector and help to create more world-leading companies in Ireland under private ownership. Overall, if the Government can introduce a clear, simple and stated policy to help private businesses flourish and grow, doing so could make a long-term contribution to Ireland’s economy and naturally hedge our dependency on foreign direct investment. Colm O'Callaghan is a partner with PwC Private