Today’s announcement by the UK Government of significant changes to its proposed inheritance tax reforms is a significant step in safeguarding rural communities and supporting succession planning for future generations according to Chartered Accountants Ireland. Following strong lobbying efforts in 2025, including from Chartered Accountants Ireland, the threshold for 100% relief on agricultural and business property combined will increase from £1 million to £2.5 million from 6 April 2026. Beyond this threshold, a 50% relief rate will apply, meaning couples can pass on up to £5 million of agricultural or business assets between them, in addition to existing allowances such as the nil-rate band. According to the Government, these changes mean only a small number of estates with agricultural and business assets will pay additional inheritance tax. Leontia Doran, UK Tax Manager, Chartered Accountants Ireland said "Chartered Accountants Ireland has consistently highlighted that the original proposals would have disproportionately impacted farmers in Northern Ireland. We strongly advocated for changes to ensure that genuine farming activity and family-owned businesses were not unfairly penalised. Today’s announcement is a significant step in safeguarding rural communities and supporting succession planning for future generations not just in Northern Ireland but across the UK." ENDS

IAASA has revised five International Standards on Auditing (Ireland) (ISAs (Ireland)) to reflect the adoption of the Irish Corporate Governance Code. Entities with an equity listing on Euronext Dublin are required to use the Code for financial years beginning on or after 1 January 2025. The revised standards are: ISA (Ireland) 260 Communication with Those Charged with Governance  ISA (Ireland) 570 Going Concern ISA (Ireland) 700 Forming an Opinion and Reporting on Financial Statements  ISA (Ireland) 701 Communicating Key Audit Matters in the Independent Auditor’s Report ISA (Ireland) 720 The Auditor’s Responsibilities Relating to Other Information The revisions do not introduce new requirements for auditors or remove existing ones. They mainly reflect the adoption of the Irish Corporate Governance Code by Euronext Dublin. Additionally, IAASA has updated references to other ISAs (Ireland) and removed a limited number of footnotes that no longer apply in the revised standards. The effective date of the revisions is for periods starting 1 January 2025, consistent with the Irish Corporate Governance Code. The revised standards are available on the Auditing Standards page of IAASA's website.

As the year draws to a close, we are pleased to share some highlights of 2025 and to thank members for their engagement and support throughout the year. We look forward to continuing to work on your behalf towards Strategy27 priorities in the new year.

Welcome to the latest edition of Technical Roundup.  In developments since the last edition, the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) has issued five videos that capture the key themes from a recent panel discussion on the implications of artificial intelligence on business and the accountancy profession.  IAASA has published its observations on Wave 1 Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD) reporting summarising key findings from their supervisory work during the first year of CSRD implementation in Ireland. Read more on these and other developments that may be of interest to members below.  Financial Reporting   The European Financial Reporting Advisory Group (EFRAG) has published its feedback statement on its discussion paper “The Statement of Cash Flows-Objectives, Usages and Issues”. EFRAG has published its November 2025 Update. The International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) has issued its December 2025 update and podcast. The IFRS Interpretations Committee (IFRIC) has issued its November 2025 Update. The UK Endorsement Board (UKEB) has adopted IFRS 18 Presentation and Disclosure in Financial Statements for use in the UK. The standard was issued by the IASB in April 2024 and replaces IAS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements. The standard is effective for periods commencing on or after 1 January 2027, with early application permitted. In their 10 December Episode of the Financial Reporting Council's In Conversation podcast series, Kate O'Neill, Director of Stakeholder Engagement and Corporate Affairs, is joined by Anthony Barrett, Executive Director of Supervision, and Jamie Symington, Deputy Executive Counsel, to discuss the progress of the FRC's consultation on proposed amendments to the Audit Enforcement Procedure which launched in October 2025. Auditing and Assurance  The Financial Reporting Council (FRC) has issued a consultation on its draft plan and budget for 2026-27 which sets out its priorities and resources for the year ahead. Accountancy Europe has published a paper setting out principles and good practices to support more effective and coherent audit supervision in the EU, particularly for PIE and cross-border audits where multiple national authorities are involved. Sustainability  In the EU, Omnibus I concluded on 16 December 2025 when the European Parliament (EP) approved a provisional agreement to simplify and reduce the scope of sustainability reporting and due diligence requirements for companies. Only EU companies with over 1,000 employees on average and a net annual turnover exceeding €450 million will be in scope for the CSRD. The CSDDD will apply only to EU companies with over 5,000 employees and a net annual turnover above €1.5 billion. Please see the final text of the proposal which provides further details. Accountancy Europe has shared some of its views in relation to the political compromise on the  Sustainability Omnibus Proposals. The International Sustainability Standards Board (ISSB) has issued targeted amendments to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions disclosure requirements in IFRS S2 Climate-related Disclosures in response to specific application challenges that were identified as companies started to apply the Standard. The International Sustainability Standards Board (ISSB) and the German Standard-Setter (ASCG) are jointly hosting the second Sustainability Standards Conference in Frankfurt on 18 May 2026. The ISSB has published its December 2025 update and podcast. IAASA has published its observations on Wave 1 CSRD reporting, summarising key findings from their supervisory work during the first year of CSRD implementation in Ireland. The European Financial Reporting Advisory Group (EFRAG) has published three guides to help SMEs report on disclosures identified as particularly challenging in the public consultation and field test on VSME. EFRAG has also published its report into the VSME Market Acceptance. This explores the level of awareness in relation to the VSME, as well as its acceptance as a voluntary sustainability reporting tool. GRI, the Global Reporting Initiative, has conducted research into the value of sustainability reporting. In 22 of the 30 studies reviewed by GRI, a positive correlation was found between companies who disclose their sustainability impacts and improved financial performance. Anti-money laundering and sanctions  Chartered Accountants Ireland, the Central Bank of Ireland, and the EU Sanctions Helpdesk will hold an online webinar on 20th January at 10.30am, which will provide practical compliance support and guide participants through the essentials of EU sanctions compliance, the support available to Irish businesses, and how the EU Sanctions Helpdesk assists SMEs. Through real-world case studies, participants will gain valuable insights into how to navigate due diligence challenges. There will be a Q&A with the panel. Registration is available at the following link. The European Commission announced planned changes to the list of high-risk jurisdictions including adding Russia to the list in order to strengthen the international fight against financial crime. In addition, updates were also announced for the high-risk jurisdictions list following the decisions taken at the FATF and its list of ‘Jurisdictions under Increased Monitoring’ (‘grey list’), following the FATF Plenaries of June and October 2025. For further information regarding the planned changes to the list of high-risk jurisdictions, please refer to the following details recently published by European Commission. These changes will not enter into force until published in the Official Journal. Chartered Accountants Ireland announced the issuance of a Technical Alert (TA 05/2025) covering an outline of selected changes under the European Union 6th Anti Money Laundering Package (AMLD6). A copy of the TA is available at the following link. The HM Treasury in the UK published its Anti-Money Laundering and Counter-Terrorist Financing Supervision Report providing information about the activities of AML and counter-terrorist financing (CTF) supervisors (including accountancy Professional Body Supervisors (PBSs)) for the 2024-2025 financial year. This fulfils HM Treasury’s obligation, under Regulation 51 of the Money Laundering Regulations (MLRs), to publish an annual report on supervision activity using information requested from supervisors.  The Central Bank of Ireland published the first edition of its Financial Crime Bulletin. The purpose of this biannual bulletin is to provide an update on key regulatory and supervisory developments in the areas of AML, Combatting the Financing of Terrorism (CFT), Financial Sanctions (FS), and Fraud.  FATF published results regarding Belgium's recent Mutual Evaluation Report (MER) outlining an assessment of the measures used to counter money laundering, terrorist financing and proliferation financing.  Accountancy Europe published a recap summarising the stakeholder dialogue roundtable, which was held in November to discuss ‘Shaping the future of AML standards’. It was hosted by Accountancy Europe, together with FSR - Danish Auditors. The roundtable included representatives from the EU’s Anti-Money Laundering Authority (AMLA), the European Commission, the Danish EU Presidency, and non-financial sector entities, including auditors, accountants, tax advisers, lawyers, and notaries. The AMLA slide presentation is also available at the following link. AMLA announced the steps it is currently taking to harmonise EU AML supervision and the supporting instruments it will use to assess risks and how AMLA will select the entities it will directly supervise. In this context, AMLA published the draft RTS on risk assessments, which specifies data points and criteria that national supervisors will use to assess the entities they supervise. The draft RTS on selection was also published, which will apply these same data points and criteria to set out how AMLA will assess risks for the purposes of selecting entities for direct supervision. As part of its preparation for direct supervision, AMLA also launched a public consultation on draft implementing technical standards that set out how AMLA and national financial supervisors will cooperate during the selection process and when transferring supervisory powers for institutions or groups that will be directly supervised by AMLA. Stakeholders are invited to provide input through the public consultation by 27 January 2026.  AMLA also published a public statement outlining its approach regarding the public consultation process. Fraud The UK Government announced its new UK Anti-Corruption Strategy covering its approach to stopping corruption at home and abroad. It builds on the 2017 to 2022 strategy and reflects the evolving nature of the threats posed by corruption to the UK’s economy, security and democracy. The European Banking Authority (EBA) and European Central Bank (ECB) published a report regarding the 2025 edition of their joint report on payment fraud. The report covers the semi-annual data for 2022 to 2024 and confirms that the legal requirement for strong customer authentication (SCA) introduced in 2020 has contributed to reducing fraud levels. However, it also highlights the need for continued vigilance and for security measures to be adapted to combat new emerging types of fraud. The three European Supervisory Authorities (EBA, EIOPA and ESMA - ESAs) published key tips to help consumers detect, prevent, and act on online frauds and scams. The tips including details on how to stay alert are outlined in two factsheets regarding crypto frauds and associated scams and online financial frauds and scams in an AI world. The National Cyber Security Centre (NCSC) in the UK announced that almost one billion attempts to access malicious sites were blocked (in less than a year) by a new government cyber tool. The Share and Defend service developed by experts at NCSC works to disrupt online crime and fraud by sharing near real-time data on known fraudulent and malicious websites with internet service providers, which can then prevent customers from clicking through.  Central Bank of Ireland (CBI) The CBI launched a public consultation on the implementation of the CBI's new responsibilities under the Access to Cash legislation. The public consultation covers two parts of the new Access to Cash regime including the identification of local deficiencies in the cash infrastructure and setting minimum ATM service standards and notifications requirements for firms operating ATMs. The CBI's Governor Gabriel Makhlouf delivered a speech to the eighth meeting of the Climate Risk and Sustainable Finance Forum covering climate risk and sustainable finance in Ireland and the EU, and the progress that has been made to date, highlighting the need to ensure climate action remains a priority for the financial sector. The speech also emphasised the Central Bank’s focus on climate risk and sustainable finance and continued encouragement to promote a collaborative approach to how the financial sector supports the transition and adaptation to net-zero. The CBI published a report regarding the roadmap to deliver a more effective and efficient regulatory framework building on the work of the CBI in terms of the integrated supervisory approach. The report outlines how the Central Bank will, in line with initiatives across Europe, enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of its supervision and domestic regulatory framework, improve gatekeeping processes, and deliver a more integrated and less burdensome reporting and data framework.  The CBI announced a consultation regarding the application of the Consumer Protection Code 2025 (CPC 2025) to all regulated credit union activities. The consultation paper sets out the rationale for this position and outlines the proposed approach for applying CPC 2025 to all regulated credit union activities. The CBI's Governor Gabriel Makhlouf delivered a speech to The Royal Irish Academy covering economic resilience and priorities needed in this area in the context of Ireland, Europe, and at an international level.  The CBI released the first edition of its Payment and E-Money Newsletter. The purpose of the newsletter is to provide updates on key regulatory developments in the Payment and E-Money sector and to signpost relevant upcoming changes. The CBI published its fourth and final Quarterly Bulletin of 2025. The bulletin noted that the outlook for the Irish economy in the medium term is being shaped by differing sectoral performances, ongoing structural change, geopolitical tensions and policy actions both at home and abroad.  The CBI published its quarterly Insurance Newsletter covering supervisory insights and updates for the insurance sector. Artificial Intelligence (AI) The International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) has issued five videos that capture the key themes from a recent panel discussion on the implications of artificial intelligence on business and the accountancy profession. The Oireachtas Joint Committee on Artificial Intelligence announced the issuance of its First Interim Report, which includes 85 recommendations on Ireland’s approach to the development, deployment, regulation, and ethical considerations of AI, and on the means of ensuring that the approach supports economic growth, innovation, public trust, and societal benefit while safeguarding rights and mitigating risks. The First Interim Report is available at the following link. The NCSC in the UK published an alert on the "dangerous” misunderstanding of emergent class of vulnerability (AI prompt injection) in generative AI applications. The NCSC has shared critical insights cautioning cyber security professionals against comparing prompt injection and more classical application vulnerabilities classed as Structured Query Language (SQL) injection. It suggests efforts should turn to reducing the risk and impact of prompt injection and driving up resilience across AI supply chains. Full details are available at the following link. Cybersecurity  The European Union Agency for Cybersecurity (ENISA) published the annual NIS Investments report, which presents the findings of a survey conducted by ENISA to explore how cybersecurity policy translates into practice across organisations in the EU and its effects on their investments, resources, and operations. The report calls out key highlights noting that investment focus is shifting from people to technology and outsourcing, and the fact that supply chain risk is still prevalent. ENISA organised a webinar to discuss the latest developments and considerations on engineering personal data protection in the Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) era. For details regarding this webinar including related slides, please refer to the following link. The NCSC in the UK published a 'Cyber Essentials Supply Chain Playbook' providing a guide that will help companies protect their business from cyber-attacks through support with embedding cyber essentials in the supply chain. The National Cyber Security Centre (NCSC) in Ireland published an alert regarding critical vulnerabilities in React server components. The NCSC strongly recommends installing updates for vulnerable systems with the highest priority, after thorough testing. Affected organisations should review the latest release notes and install the relevant updates. Digital Operational Resilience Act (DORA) The CEAOB responded to the European Commission in the context of the DORA review clause (Article 58(3)) to assess the applicability and possible extension of DORA to statutory auditors and audit firms.  Other news  The European Commission announced the market integration package, which aims to fully integrate EU financial markets and it is designed to remove barriers and unlock the full potential of the EU single market for financial services. This package is a central component of the European Savings and Investments Union (SIU) strategy. The proposals must now be negotiated and approved by the European Parliament and the Council. Please see attached factsheet regarding this package. The European Data Protection Board (EDPB) published various updates including recommendations to make online shopping more respectful of users’ privacy as part of an ongoing public consultation. It also released details of a preliminary discussion regarding the Digital Omnibus proposal. The ECB published a blog regarding the digital Euro outlining how the ECB plans to prepare for the potential issuance of the digital euro by 2029, assuming the European co-legislators adopt the necessary regulation by 2026. Preparatory steps, including pilot exercises and initial transactions, could begin as early as mid-2027. The ECB published a press release regarding the Governing Council proposal for simplification of the EU banking rules.  Cathy Shivnan, the Corporate Enforcement Authority’s (CEA) Director of Insolvency Supervision, recently featured in the All-Ireland Business Foundation's Entrepreneur Times discussing the CEA's public protection role when it comes to insolvency supervision and director accountability and responsibilities. For further details, please read the full piece here. The Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) in the UK published its ‘Regulatory Initiatives Grid’, which sets out the regulatory pipeline over the next two years. This document provides an overview for the financial services industry and other stakeholders to understand and plan for the timing of regulatory initiatives that may have a significant operational impact on them.  The Professional Standards Department (PSD) of Chartered Accountants Ireland published Issue 43 of the Regulatory Bulletin providing key updates and reminders for members’ attention in various areas including Audit and Assurance, Quality Assurance, and AML. Minister for Enterprise, Tourism and Employment Peter Burke TD, and Minister for Further and Higher Education, Research, Innovation and Science, James Lawless TD recently announced funding of almost €39 million for seven additional projects under Call 7 of the Disruptive Technologies Innovation Fund (DTIF) to foster innovation and collaboration between SMEs, multinationals, and research institutions. The Competition and Consumer Protection Commission (CCPC) published the ‘State of Competition Report’, which assesses how competitive conditions have evolved in Ireland’s non-financial services sector over a 15-year period (2008-2022) and the barriers that most affect entry and expansion in 2025. For further details regarding this report, please see the following link. The Department of Enterprise, Tourism and Employment also welcomed the publication of this report. For further technical information and updates please visit the Technical Hub on the Institute website.       -    The next edition of Technical Roundup will issue on Friday, 9 January 2026   -   Wishing all of our members a very Happy Christmas and best wishes for 2026     This information is provided as resources and information only and nothing in the information purports to provide professional advice or definitive legal interpretation(s) or opinion(s) on the applicable legislation or legal or other matters referred to in the information. If the reader is in doubt on any matter in this complex area further legal or other advice must be obtained. While every reasonable care has been taken by the Institute in the preparation of the information we do not guarantee the accuracy or veracity of any resource, guidance, information or opinion, or the appropriateness, suitability or applicability of any practice or procedure contained therein. The Institute is not responsible for any errors or omissions or for the results obtained from the use of the resources or information contained herein.  

As Ireland prepares to take on the rotating Presidency of the Council of the EU for the 8th time from July, we advocate a solutions-driven approach, advancing competitiveness, regulatory simplification, coherence, consistency and long-term economic resilience. By fostering open dialogue, communicating the benefits of EU membership, and involving our members and networks, on behalf of our 40,000 members, we will support a Presidency that advances policy but also builds ownership and delivers meaningful outcomes for people, businesses, and communities.   Read the Consultation response

IAASA has published its observations on Wave 1 CSRD reporting, summarising key findings from their supervisory work during the first year of CSRD implementation in Ireland. The paper provides insights from corporate reporting examinations, assurance quality inspections, and highlights the challenges faced by entities and audit firms as they adapt to evolving sustainability reporting requirements. Despite ongoing uncertainties surrounding the Omnibus Directive, IAASA’s supervisory remit for Wave 1 CSRD reporting will continue into 2026. The paper also sets out key messages for the year ahead, including IAASA’s approach in the context of an evolving regulatory landscape. 👉 Read the observations paper to understand the findings and prepare for 2026.

The Solicitors Regulation Authority who regulate solicitors and law firms in England and Wales is consulting on proposals to strengthen the accountants' reports regime. The proposals aim to improve transparency and provide better assurance of compliance by requiring the submission of all qualified and unqualified accountants' reports, firm declarations, and direct report submission to the SRA by reporting accountants.     They welcome feedback from members of the accounting profession to help shape the final requirements. The consultation paper is available on the SRA website SRA | Further consultation on client money in legal services: Protecting the client money that solicitors hold | Solicitors Regulation Authority. The consultation will close at 12.00 on Friday 20 February 2026.

From the Technical Accounting team … Members and readers may be aware that the European Anti Money Laundering Authority (AMLA) commenced its work this year. Part of its remit is to provide regulatory technical standards (RTSs) and guidelines for both financial and non-financial obliged entities on areas dealt with in the AML Regulation and AML Directive, the European Union 6th Anti-Money laundering package, informally known as AMLD6. These laws were passed in 2024 but most of the provisions do not come into force until 2027. The provisions apply to all obliged entities including accountants, auditors, and tax advisors. As AMLA’s work continues over the coming years (throughout 2026 and 2027), the Institute will monitor and distribute more information and guidance of interest and importance to members in the anti-money laundering area. In the meantime, we have prepared Technical Alert 05/2025, which outlines selected changes to current AML law under AMLD6. The Alert provides a high-level outline of some of the changes which will occur when AMLD6 comes into force in 2027. While this seems like a relatively long time away, it will pay to gain an early insight and understanding of the changes prior to provisions coming into force. The Alert highlights differences from current law, which are likely to be of most relevance or interest to our members. It is a comparison document rather than specific or detailed instructions or guidance on AMLD6. Nonetheless, we hope that it will provide some useful information for our members in gaining further understanding of the new compliance requirements under the AMLD6 package. Some of the changes, which members should take note of include: More detailed requirements for customer due diligence (CDD) procedures. EU Ban on cash payments over €10,000. Individual member states may set even lower limits. More closely defined AML roles, governance structures, and internal control framework. An independent audit function within entities or the possibility to outsource this to an external expert. This may pose challenges for sole practitioners, and it is going to be an additional cost of being in practice (where independent audit functions do not currently exist). New outsourcing rules and outsourcing prohibitions. Wider definition of a Politically Exposed Person (e.g. to include the siblings of PEPs in certain cases). More detailed beneficial ownership provisions. The Institute will continue to keep track of AMLA’s work and deliverables over the coming months. This information is provided as resources and information only and nothing in these pages purports to provide professional advice or definitive legal interpretation(s) or opinion(s) on the applicable legislation or legal or other matters referred to in the pages. If the reader is in doubt on any matter in this complex area further legal or other advice must be obtained. While every reasonable care has been taken by the Institute in the preparation of these pages, we do not guarantee the accuracy or veracity of any resource, guidance, information or opinion, or the appropriateness, suitability or applicability of any practice or procedure contained therein. The Institute is not responsible for any errors or omissions or for the results obtained from the use of the resources or information contained in these pages.

In today’s dynamic and competitive professional environment, the value of quality mentorship cannot be exaggerated. Whether you are just beginning your career or navigating the complexities of leadership, having a mentor can provide clarity, confidence, and direction. A mentor is more than just an advisor — they are a trusted guide who shares experience, perspective and knowledge to help you achieve your goals. Learning and skill development One of the most sizable benefits of having a mentor is the ability to learn quicker. Mentors have already walked the path you are on, and they can share insights that textbooks and training programs often overlook. This real-world wisdom helps you avoid common mistakes and focus on strategies that work. Objective perspective and sound advice When faced with difficult decisions, it’s easy to feel overwhelmed or uncertain. A mentor provides an objective viewpoint, helping you see situations from different angles. They are not emotionally invested in the outcome, which allows them to offer unbiased advice. This perspective can be invaluable when you’re considering career moves, negotiating roles, or managing workplace conflicts. Having someone who can challenge your thinking constructively ensures that your decisions are well-informed and strategic. Confidence building and personal support Confidence is a critical ingredient for success, yet it often wavers in the face of new challenges. Mentors play a key role in building confidence by offering encouragement and constructive feedback. They help you recognize your strengths and develop areas for improvement without judgment. This support fosters resilience and empowers you to take on responsibilities that might otherwise feel daunting. Over time, this confidence translates into greater leadership potential and career advancement. Networking and career opportunities Mentorship often opens doors to new opportunities. Experienced mentors typically have extensive professional networks and can introduce you to influential contacts. These connections can lead to collaborations, job opportunities, or invitations to industry events. In many cases, these relationships become stepping stones to long-term career growth. Accountability and goal setting Another advantage of having a mentor is accountability. Mentors help you set realistic goals and track your progress, ensuring that you stay focused and motivated. Regular check-ins create a sense of responsibility and momentum, making it easier to achieve milestones. This structured approach to growth can be particularly beneficial for individuals who struggle with self-discipline or time management. A safe space for honest conversations A mentor provides a safe, confidential space where you can discuss challenges without fear of judgment. Whether it’s navigating office politics, managing stress, or exploring career transitions, mentors offer guidance that is both empathetic and practical. Why mentorship matters more than ever In an era of rapid technological change and evolving business models, continuous learning is essential. Mentorship bridges the gap between theory and practice, offering insights that are timely and relevant. For professionals in fields like accounting, where regulations and standards are constantly shifting, having a mentor can help you stay ahead of the curve and maintain a competitive edge. Mentorship is not a one-way street—it benefits both parties. Mentors gain satisfaction from sharing their knowledge and shaping the next generation of leaders, while mentees receive guidance that accelerates their growth. This reciprocal relationship fosters a culture of collaboration and lifelong learning. Final thoughts Investing in a mentoring relationship is one of the most impactful steps you can take for your career and personal development. It’s about more than advice - it’s about building a partnership that nurtures growth, resilience, and success. Whether you seek a mentor within your organization or through professional networks, the benefits are clear: accelerated learning, expanded opportunities, and a stronger sense of purpose. If you haven’t yet found a mentor, please consider the Chartered Accountants Mentor Programme.

With just under four months to go to the commencement of Making Tax Digital (MTD) for income tax from 6 April 2026, the Institute is pleased to present our new MTD hub. The aim of the hub is to assist members and businesses in their preparations for this key change in UK tax administration. Read the latest news and guidance on this key change in addition to more detailed information on what MTD for income tax is, the timetable for mandation, exemptions, deferrals, how to sign up and much more. The Institute will continue to develop the hub in the coming weeks and months as policy changes are announced and as HMRC publishes tools and information to assist agents, businesses and landlords in their preparations.

The European Financial Reporting Advisory Group (EFRAG) has published the eagerly awaited draft simplified European Sustainability Reporting Standards (ESRS), along with its technical advice to the European Commission. In its press release, EFRAG have highlighted many of the simplifications implemented which it hopes will help reporting companies integrate sustainability reporting into their business. The simplifications which EFRAG have noted include:  Standards which are “shorter, clearer, easier to understand and to implement” A 61% reduction of datapoints that are required if material Deletion of all voluntary disclosures Substantial reliefs, proportionality mechanisms and ad hoc phasing-in for challenging disclosures Principles based standards for narrative disclosures An emphasis on fair presentation A simplified materiality assessment Measures to reduce pressure in relation to data collection in the value chain Enhanced interoperability with the ISSB standards, with common disclosures preserved where possible    The European Commission will now prepare a Delegated Act to revise the first set of ESRS’s based on EFRAG’s technical advice. Also, on 4 December EFRAG launched the ESRS Knowledge Hub, an interactive online platform designed to support companies, practitioners and stakeholders in navigating the European Sustainability Reporting Standards (ESRS) and broader sustainability reporting materials developed by EFRAG. First time users can click the link to go to the landing page and register to log -in.   

Welcome to the latest edition of Technical Roundup.  In developments since the last edition, IAASA has published its Work Programme for 2026-2028, Accountancy Europe has published a new paper which looks at third party ownership in the European accounting sector and EFRAG has published its eagerly awaited draft simplified European Sustainability Reporting Standards.  Read more on these and other developments that may be of interest to members below.  Financial Reporting   Chartered Accountants Ireland has responded to the IFRS Interpretations Committee (IFRIC) Tentative Agenda Decision on Classification of a Foreign Exchange Difference from an Intragroup Monetary Liability (or Asset) (IFRS 18). In its submission, the Institute highlighted its concerns regarding the Tentative Agenda Decision and encouraged IFRIC to undertake additional technical analysis on the issue to decide whether standard setting on this matter is necessary.  The European Financial Reporting Advisory Board (EFRAG) has updated its Endorsement Status Report to reflect the recent amendments to IAS 21 The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates: Translation to a Hyperinflationary Currency.  The International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) has issued its November 2025 update and podcast.  The IASB has issued illustrative examples which demonstrate how companies can apply IFRS Standards when reporting the effects of uncertainties in their financial statements.  In its recently published Exposure Draft entitled “Risk Mitigation Accounting Proposed amendments to IFRS 9 and IFRS 7”, the IASB has proposed a new accounting model which it hopes will “better reflect how financial institutions manage interest rate risk throughout their portfolios”. The Exposure Draft remains open for public comment until 31 July 2026.  As part of its work in response to the IASB research project on the Statement of Cash Flows and Related Matters, the UK Endorsement Board has published its fifth research paper on the topic. This paper covers the prevalence of net debt disclosures globally, their importance to users of financial statements, and how the IASB might improve the accessibility and comparability of this key financial performance metric.  The International Public Sector Accounting Standards Board (IPSASB) has issued an updated IPSAS 33 ‘First-time Adoption of Accrual Basis International Public Sector Accounting Standards’.  Auditing and Assurance  The Irish Auditing & Accounting Supervisory Authority (IAASA) has recently published its Work Programme for 2026–2028.   The Financial Reporting Council (FRC) has published its annual 'Audit Market and competition developments' report, showing that initiatives to promote a more resilient and competitive audit market have supported firms outside of the Big Four to build their share of Public Interest Entity (PIE) audit engagements.  Sustainability  EFRAG has published the eagerly awaited draft simplified European Sustainability Reporting Standards (ESRS), along with its technical advice to the European Commission. In its press release, EFRAG have highlighted many of the simplifications implemented which it hopes will help reporting companies integrate sustainability reporting into their business. The simplifications noted by EFRAG include:  Standards which are “shorter, clearer, easier to understand and to implement”  A 61% reduction of datapoints that are required if material  Deletion of all voluntary disclosures  An emphasis on fair presentation  A simplified materiality assessment  Measures to reduce pressure in relation to data collection in the value chain  Enhanced interoperability with the ISSB standards, with common disclosures preserved where possible  Also, on 4 December EFRAG launched the ESRS Knowledge Hub, an interactive online platform designed to support companies, practitioners and stakeholders in navigating the European Sustainability Reporting Standards (ESRS) and broader sustainability reporting materials developed by EFRAG. First time users can click the link to go to the landing page and register to log -in.  Anti-money laundering and sanctions  Bruna Szego, Chair of AMLA, appeared before the ECON and LIBE Committees of the European Parliament on 2 December 2025 in Brussels, presenting the Authority’s progress, outlining priorities, and responding to MEPs questions on a range of topics. A full recording of the hearing can be viewed at the following link.  The European Parliament published an in-depth analysis regarding the 'Future of Anti-Money Laundering in the European Union' covering AMLA’s institutional mandate, its interaction with national and EU authorities, and its potential evolution in a digitalised financial environment.   In the UK, on December 17 from 11am to 12pm GMT the Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office and Office of Financial Sanctions Implementation are holding a free webinar about upcoming changes to the UK Consolidated List and UK Sanctions List. In this webinar they will be discussing the change taking place on the 28 January 2026, an explanation of what improvements are being made to the UK Sanctions List and its search tool and steps to take to ensure you are prepared.  Central Bank of Ireland (CBI)  The CBI hosted the fourth annual Financial System Conference on November 25. At the opening of the conference, Governor Gabriel Makhlouf delivered a speech regarding 'Better Rules, Better Outcomes: The Next Evolution in Financial Regulation'.   The CBI welcomed the announcement by the Tánaiste and Minister for Finance regarding legislation relating to the Finance (Provision of Access to Cash Infrastructure) Act 2025. For more details regarding this legislation, please refer to the following link.  Following a consultation earlier this year, the CBI published updates regarding the Fitness and Probity area including a Feedback Statement and the revised Guidance on Standards of Fitness and Probity.   The CBI published the Investment Firm and Intermediary Newsletter. The newsletter includes updates regarding a recent operational resilience thematic risk assessment, implementation of the Individual Accountability Framework (IAF), financial scams and fraud, and the Consumer Protection Code 2025.  The CBI's Deputy Governor Colm Kincaid delivered a speech regarding 'Strengthening Consumer Protection and Supervision in an Increasingly Digitalised World' at the joint International Financial Consumer Protection Organisation (FinCoNet) and Central Bank of Ireland international seminar. This seminar was held as part of the recent 2025 Annual General meeting of FinCoNet in Dublin.   The CBI announced the publication of a report regarding 'Retail Investor Participation in Ireland - Consumer Research and Analysis', which concludes that Irish households are not realising the full benefit of investment options. The report outlines that Ireland has among the lowest levels of direct retail participation in capital markets in the EU, with people tending to prefer to hold their wealth in property, life assurance and pensions, and the fact that Ireland does not yet have all the key factors to success in place to support retail investment.  The CBI's Deputy Governor Vasileios Madouros delivered a speech at the Climate Finance week outlining the macro financial effects of climate change in Ireland. The speech also focused on outlining the fact that progress towards decarbonisation has been slower than intended by the Paris Agreement and highlighted the continued focus of the CBI on climate change and associated risks despite shifting priorities globally.   The CBI's Deputy Governor Colm Kincaid addressed the Joint Oireachtas Committee on Finance, Public Expenditure, Public Service Reform and Digitalisation regarding digital banking focusing on the work of the CBI in the area of digital frauds and scams, and the CBI's evolving approach to supervising financial services provided digitally. For details of the speech, please refer to the following link.   Artificial Intelligence  The European Banking Authority (EBA) published an update regarding the 'AI Act: implications for the EU banking and payments sector', which includes an AI Act mapping exercise.  Cybersecurity  The NCSC in Ireland launched its 2025 National Cyber Risk Assessment. This is a comprehensive review of the cyber threats, systemic risks, and sectoral vulnerabilities facing the State and highlights increasingly sophisticated nation-state activity, the accelerating pace of cybercrime, and growing likelihood of cascading impacts across interconnected sectors. The 2025 National Cyber Risk Assessment is available at the following link.  The National Cyber Security Centre (NCSC) in Ireland published an alert regarding critical vulnerabilities in the Mattermost product. The NCSC strongly recommends installing updates for vulnerable systems with the highest priority, after thorough testing. Affected organisations should review the latest release notes and install the relevant updates from Mattermost.  The NCSC in the UK recently published an article calling for all small businesses to act in relation to cybersecurity including using the NCSC's Cyber Action Toolkit.   A report was published by Munster Technological University (MTU) regarding 'SME Cyber Resilience - State of the Sector 2025' in collaboration with the NCSC in Ireland. The report concludes that Ireland's small and medium enterprises (SMEs) face a critical cyber resilience gap.  Other news  The Charity Commission for Northern Ireland will hold its annual public meeting on Thursday, 22 January 2026 from 10.30am to 12.30pm at Malone House, Barnett Demesne, Belfast, BT9 5PB.  Minister of State for Trade Promotion, Artificial Intelligence and Digital Transformation Niamh Smyth recently announced the launch of a public consultation on proposed changes to the Companies Act 2014 and related legislation.  The consultation remains open until 5pm on Friday, 19 December 2025.The consultation arose from a September 2025 report from the Irish Company Law Review Group on the review of the provisions pertaining to the disclosure of an officer’s residential addresses having regard to company transparency requirements and GDPR. That report was published in November 2025.  The Corporate Enforcement Authority (CEA) has issued their November 2025 newsletter which includes updates on recent events and advocacy work, also the latest developments in company law.   The European Central Bank (ECB) has published their Consumer Expectations Survey results for October 2025.  Accountancy Europe has issued a paper entitled “Beyond Private Equity: Third-party ownership in the accountancy and audit sector”. This paper looks at how third-party ownership, including Private Equity, is reshaping the European accountancy and audit sector.  The Department of Enterprise, Tourism and Employment has carried out a periodic critical review of IAASA, as required by the Code of Conduct for the Governance of State Bodies. This report outlines that IAASA is performing well in undertaking its standard setting, supervisory enforcement and advisory functions and set out some recommendations for the Authority.  The European Parliament and Council of the European Union negotiators announced a provisional agreement on the Payment Services Regulation and the Third Payment Services Directive (PSD3). The deal focuses on a more open and competitive EU payment services sector, with strong defences against fraud and data breaches to focus on more protection from online fraud and hidden fees. In terms of next steps, the deal needs to be formally adopted by the Parliament and Council before it can come into force with exact implementation timelines not yet confirmed. The Banking and Payments Federation Ireland (BPFI) also published a statement welcoming the provisional agreement of the EU Payment Services Regulation (PSR).  The European Commission recently announced the 'European 2030 Consumer Agenda', which focuses on the strategic vision for EU consumer policy. The agenda focuses on an action plan for consumers in the Single Market, digital fairness and consumer protection online, stronger enforcement, and sustainable consumption. For details of the agenda, please refer to the attached document and factsheet.   The European Central Bank (ECB) has published a press release outlining an overview of financial stability vulnerabilities for the Euro area, which are included in the ECB's November 2025 Financial Stability Review. The review highlights that financial stability vulnerabilities remain elevated given uncertainty over geoeconomic trends and tariff impacts.   For further technical information and updates please visit the Technical Hub on the Institute website.       This information is provided as resources and information only and nothing in the information purports to provide professional advice or definitive legal interpretation(s) or opinion(s) on the applicable legislation or legal or other matters referred to in the information. If the reader is in doubt on any matter in this complex area further legal or other advice must be obtained. While every reasonable care has been taken by the Institute in the preparation of the information we do not guarantee the accuracy or veracity of any resource, guidance, information or opinion, or the appropriateness, suitability or applicability of any practice or procedure contained therein. The Institute is not responsible for any errors or omissions or for the results obtained from the use of the resources or information contained herein.  

Communication is a key skill of leadership. You can’t become a great leader until you become a great communicator. When you connect with people, that is when it becomes authentic, allowing you to speak directly to people’s needs. The same is true of networking. Two attributes are critical to your networking abilities. To communicate effectively you need to build relationships and central to that is trust. Trust is vital for forging a connection and is underpinned by how people see you. How you see yourself and the world will be reflected in your attitude, and this will also determine how you are seen.  Trust Trust is paramount. Although sometimes hard to define, we all know when it is not there. Economic uncertainty and lost faith in business and globalisation means trust is no longer the default position for cynical consumers. The annual Edelman Trust Barometer that surveys 33,000 people in 28 countries (2025) has reported that trust in four institutions – government, business, media and non-profits – is at an all-time low. Two-thirds of respondents believe they are being lied to by traditional societal leaders. Interestingly, the report shows that people trust what employees say about their company more than what it says about itself. Contrary to what many believe, trust is not some vague, squishy element of human relations; rather it is a vital component of all our interactions with each other. Put simply, high trust is a dividend and low trust is a tax. In our increasingly low trust world, trust has literally become the new currency of our global economy. What is trust? Trust is not an event. Trust is not an entitlement – trust is earned. You don’t meet somebody today and trust them tomorrow. You can’t go from anonymity to a trusted confidante overnight. Trust is won by doing what you say you will do and doing that consistently and regularly. Trust is a fundamental component of how our world works. It is a leap of faith – a belief that what we expect to happen will happen because someone did what they were supposed to do. The dictionary definition of trust is “belief in the reliability, truth, ability, or strength of someone to do something”. Trust can take years to win and be lost in a second. When damaged, trust takes a long time to regain. Networking plays a role in sales because to get a sale, two conditions must be met. First, you demonstrate that your product or service will benefit the buyer, fill their need and resolve a pain point. Secondly, you need to build a solid personal relationship based on trust.  "Trust is earned in the smallest of moments. It is earned not through heroic deeds, or even highly visible actions, but through paying attention, listening and gestures of genuine care and connection." —Brené Brown Networking is about giving to other people and adding value to their lives, comprising empathy and authenticity. In doing this, you develop trust and build a reputation for being trustworthy. People will then refer you to others, from short-term transactions come longer-term relationships. In an increasingly disconnected, fractured and untethered world characterised by an absence of trust, people search for beacons of trust and seek it in their networks. We crave belonging and want to belong to something bigger than ourselves. Companies now have to reshape their messaging around trusted employees and their networks. They need to appreciate that trust is not some mysterious element of human relations but is the foundation of everything we do – it is a hard-edged economic driver. High trust saves money and makes money.   Trust and reputation Reputation is important. It has been defined as what people say about you when you are not in the room. Reputation is a scoreboard kept by others. These other people grade your performance and tell the rest of the world. You cannot create your reputation alone, but you can influence it. ‘Reputational capital’ can be tracked and aggregated. As mentioned above, Edelman has studied trust for over 20 years and believes it is the ultimate currency in the relationship that all institutions, companies, brands, governments, NGOs and media build with their stakeholders. Trust defines an organisation’s licence to operate, lead and succeed. Trust is the foundation that allows an organisation to take risks and if it makes mistakes, to own responsibility and rebound from there. For a business, lasting trust is the strongest insurance against competitive disruption, the antidote to consumer indifference and the best path to continued growth. Without trust credibility is lost and reputation can be ruined.  “When you become leaders, the most important thing you have is your word, your trust. That’s where respect comes from.” —Michelle Obama In her book Presence Harvard Business School Professor Amy Cuddy writes that people ask two questions when they meet anyone. First, “Can I trust this person?” and secondly, “Can I respect this person?” Cuddy claims that trustworthiness is the most important factor in how people evaluate you. She says, “One thing I was always very conscious of was that people size up others in seconds and quickly decide whether they will like and trust the other person or not.” So the old cliché is true – you don’t get a second chance to make a first impression. Kingsley Aikins is founder of The Networking Institute. His new book, Networking Matters: The Power of Human Connection, is published by Chartered Accountants Ireland.

Commenting on the Government’s Accelerating Infrastructure Report and Action Plan, Cróna Clohisey, Director of Members and Advocacy at Chartered Accountants Ireland said  “It is evident that today’s report is the result of engagement with external expertise by the Taskforce, combined with the sectoral experience on the Taskforce itself. This represents an encouraging change in approach to the infrastructure challenge, with a strong focus on a culture of accountability and delivery.  “Infrastructure deficits need to be addressed holistically and strategically if Ireland is to achieve its growth ambitions. These 30 well-considered, high impact actions are encouraging from our perspective as a professional body representing 40,000 businesspeople across the economy. It is also encouraging to see such a commitment to reduce regulatory barriers in Ireland, and the acknowledgment that this will be done against a background of EU simplification. We look forward to seeing implementation under the four pillars in 2026.”  

In recognition that the existing limits in some of these schemes restrict their availability to companies in their critical scale-up phase, the Government announced a package of tax changes to support scaling companies to attract investment and talent. There is also an objective to take further steps to ensure tax support is ‘founder friendly’. A call for evidence has therefore been published seeking input from across the scale-up and investor community on the impact of existing schemes and options to provide further support to ensure the UK entrepreneurial ecosystem thrives. The VCT and EIS company investment limits will increase to £10 million (£20 million for Knowledge Intensive Companies (KICs)) and the lifetime company investment limit will increase to £24 million (£40 million for KICs). From April 2026, the gross assets test will increase to £30 million before share issue, and £35 million after. However, the rate of VCT income tax relief will decrease from 30 percent to 20 percent. No changes were announced to the Seed Enterprise Investment Scheme.

A soft landing for Making Tax Digital (MTD) for income tax, no changes to corporation tax rates, e-invoicing from 2029, more timely payments of VAT and PAYE, and frozen employer NICs thresholds were the main features with some minor changes to capital allowances and a new consultation on entrepreneurship. More details on these and other relevant changes is set out below. Making Tax Digital (MTD) for income tax As lobbied for by the Institute, the Government announced a soft landing for MTD for income tax. Late submission penalties for quarterly updates will not apply during the 2026/27 tax year. However, from 6 April 2027 the new penalty regime will apply for late submission and late payments for all taxpayers. The penalties due for late payment of income tax self-assessment and VAT will also increase from April 2027. More details on these announcements were provided in a subsequent email received from HMRC. It was also confirmed that HMRC will update its guidance to clarify that childminders within qualifying sole trade income above the mandation threshold must follow the MTD rules. For other childminders, HMRC will clarify how existing arrangements apply to those working from non-domestic premises. In addition, taxpayers who have a power of attorney and those under a deputyship (as appointed by the Court of Protection) are now permanently exempt from MTD. The MTD start date has also been deferred to 6 April 2027 for some others (recipients of trust and estates income, individuals who use averaging adjustments, those eligible for qualifying care relief and non-UK resident foreign entertainers or sportspeople). E-invoicing from 2029 From April 2029, all VAT invoices will need to be issued in a specified electronic format. The Government will work with stakeholders to develop an implementation roadmap to be published at Budget 2026. The decision to mandate from April 2029 follows the announcement on e-invoicing in Ireland’s most recent Budget subsequent to which the Revenue Commissioners published “Implementation of eInvoicing in Ireland”. Employers The £5,000 per-employee secondary NICs threshold for employers is frozen until 5 April 2031 after dropping from £9,100 from 6 April 2025. As the NICs upper earnings limit and upper profits limits will both remain at £50,270 until April 2031, the other employer NICs reliefs thresholds are also frozen to that date. The employer NICs relief for employers hiring veterans in their first civilian role is being extended to April 2028, from which point support for veterans into employment will be covered through spending review settlements rather than through this tax relief. And finally, the income tax and NICs exemption for employer-provided benefits is to be extended to cover reimbursements for eye tests, home working equipment, and flu vaccinations. This will take effect from 6 April 2026. VAT and PAYE liabilities A consultation will be published in early 2026 to consider ways that VAT and PAYE liabilities can be paid promptly without the taxpayer falling behind on payments, including requiring more tax payments by direct debit. Capital allowances From April 2026 (1 April for companies and 6 April for unincorporated businesses), the rate of writing down allowances in the main pool will be reduced from 18 percent to 14 percent. However, from 1 January 2026 a new first-year allowance (FYA) of 40 percent will be available for main‑rate assets. Cars, second-hand assets and assets for leasing overseas will not be eligible. The benefit this new FYA remains to be seen given that 100 relief is already available for all main pool expenditure via the £1 million annual investment allowance limit with companies also having unlimited 100 percent relief for new main pool expenditure under full expensing. Capital Gains Tax (CGT) anti-avoidance: share exchanges and reorganisations The anti-avoidance provisions that apply to share exchanges and company reorganisations were amended from 26 November 2025 to ensure ‘that they apply to those persons who have entered into arrangements where the main purpose, or one of the main purposes, of the arrangement is to secure a tax advantage that they would not ordinarily have been entitled to’. CGT: non-resident capital gains for UK land and property This legislation was amended from 26 November 2025 to close what the Government refers to as loopholes for protected cell companies. Further administrative reforms are expected from 6 April 2026. Stamp duty reserve tax new UK listing relief A new UK listing relief, a three-year exemption from stamp duty reserve tax (SDRT) for companies listing in the UK has been introduced. The measure provides for an exemption from the 0.5 percent SDRT charge on agreements to transfer securities of a company whose shares are newly listed on a UK regulated market. The exemption applies from the listing of the company’s shares. Once in the post-listing period the exemption will apply to all of the company’s securities (not just shares). The new relief took effect for agreements to transfer made on or after 27 November 2025 and applies if the shares of the relevant company are newly listed on or after that date. Customs system reporting and low value imports Reforms are expected to be made to simplify reporting requirements and improve HMRC services. Further reforms to streamline processes and improve the taxpayer experience are expected to be announced in Spring 2026. The customs duty relief for low value imports (£135 or less) is being removed from March 2029 at the latest. How these goods are declared into the UK is also being changed from the same date meaning new import arrangements will apply. The Government will consult on the technical detail of these new arrangements and is stressing that it is not alone in taking this approach to low value imports, with its international partners, taking similar steps, including the US and the EU. Corporation tax The new service to provide major investment projects with advance tax certainty which was committed to in the Corporate Tax Roadmap published in October 2024 will be launched in July 2026. The penalties for taxpayers submitting a corporation tax return late will be doubled from 1 April 2026 and £59 million is also to be invested in new technology over the next five years to provide taxpayers with real-time digital prompts for VAT filing software from April 2027, and Corporation Tax filing software from April 2028. The Government will also consult in early 2026 on delivery timescales and enforcement for prescribing the content and tagging of the corporation tax computation. A consultation will also be published in early 2026 to explore introducing new requirements to report transactions between close companies and their shareholders to HMRC. The Government will also pilot a targeted R&D tax relief advance assurance service from Spring 2026 to enable small and medium-sized enterprises to gain clarity on key aspects of their R&D tax relief claims before submission to HMRC. A summary of responses to the advance clearance consultation was also published. The following was also announced: The shadow advanced corporation tax rules will be repealed from 1 April 2026, The Government will legislate in Finance Bill 2025/26 to simplify administration in relation to reporting companies under the corporate interest restriction with most of the changes expected to take effect for periods ending on or after 31 March 2026, Finance Bill 2025/26 will contain legislation setting out the treatment for corporation tax purposes of intra-group payments made in return for surrendered various tax credits for research and development, audio-visual expenditure, and video games expenditure. This is effective for payments made on or after 26 November 2025, For Pillar Two, technical amendments to the multinational top-up tax and the domestic top-up tax will feature in Finance Bill 2025/26 to incorporate the latest published international updates and stakeholder feedback, Legislation in the Bill will provide for the payment of interest on amounts collected from taxpayers and now repayable following a successful challenge of a European Commission Decision on controlled foreign companies and the reversal of State aid recovery, and The Government will also work with industry stakeholders over the coming months to explore targeted legislative changes aimed at ensuring that the qualifying asset holding companies regime continues to operate effectively. Any legislative changes will be introduced in a future Finance Bill. Transfer pricing, permanent establishment and the diverted profits tax In-scope multinationals will be required to submit an international controlled transaction schedule which will report information annually on cross-border related party transactions. This measure is expected to take effect for accounting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2027. Technical consultation on its design will take place in Spring 2026. Finance Bill 2025-26 will also include legislation to simplify the taxation of related party transactions, non-resident companies trading in the UK, and profits diverted from the UK, for chargeable periods beginning on or after 1 January 2026.

Frozen thresholds, increased rates of income tax for property, savings, and dividend income, earlier self-assessment payments, reduced cash ISA thresholds, and national insurance contributions (NICs) for pensions salary sacrifice were the main announcements last week. More details on these and other relevant changes is set out below. Tax thresholds The continued freeze on various personal tax thresholds was confirmed. The income tax thresholds and the equivalent NICs thresholds for employees and self-employed individuals will stay at their current levels for a further three years until 5 April 2031. The inheritance tax (IHT) nil rate bands are also frozen for a further year to the same date. As a result, the £12,570 personal allowance which applies UK wide will remain at this level until April 2031. The additional rate threshold (which is also the threshold at which the higher rate band ends) will remain at £125,140 until the same date. The higher rate threshold for non-savings, dividend, and property income applies to taxpayers in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, and for savings and dividend income it applies UK wide. On the IHT front, the £325,000 nil rate band and £175,000 residence nil rate band are already fixed until April 2030 and will now remain frozen until April 2031. It was also announced that the combined (and now transferable) allowance for the 100 percent rate of agricultural property relief and business property relief will also be fixed at £1 million until April 2031. The NICs primary threshold and lower profits limit will stay at £12,570 from April 2028 until April 2031. The NICs upper earnings limit and upper profits limit will also be maintained at £50,270 from April 2028 to April 2031. The lower earnings limit and the small profits threshold will increase from 2026/27 to £6,708 and £7,105 respectively. For those paying voluntarily, Class 2 and Class 3 NICs will increase to £3.65 per week and £18.40 per week respectively from 2026/27. From 6 April 2026, access to paying voluntary Class 2 NICs will be removed for those who are abroad and ‘the initial residency or the contributions requirement to pay voluntary NICs outside of the UK will increase to 10 years’. A wider review of voluntary NICs via a call for evidence will be launched in early 2026. Ordering of reliefs and allowances The Budget Red Book also confirmed that the income tax rules will be changed so that reliefs and allowances deductible at steps 2 and 3 of the income tax calculation will only be applied to property, savings and dividend income after they have been applied to other sources of income. This will take effect from 6 April 2027 and is linked to the increased rates of income tax applicable to these types of income. NICs on salary sacrifice pension contributions For pension contributions above £2,000 per annum made via salary sacrifice, employer and employee NICs will both be payable from 6 April 2029. More details on this are available in guidance published by HM Treasury. This is another change which will disincentivise saving for retirement and reduce the attractiveness of employer contributions. Property, savings, and dividend income From 6 April 2026, the basic rate of tax for dividend income will increase from 8.75 percent to 10.75 percent, and the higher rate will increase from 33.75 percent to 35.75 percent. There will be no change to the dividend additional rate which will remain at 39.35 percent and the dividend tax credit for non-UK residents will be abolished from 6 April 2026. For both property income and savings income, a 2 percent increase to all rate bands will take effect from 6 April 2027.The property basic rate will be 22 percent, the higher rate will be 42 percent, and the additional rate will be 47 percent. The tax rates on savings income will also increase to these rates from 6 April 2027. The starting rate for savings will remain at its £5,000 threshold in 2026/27 until 5 April 2031. These increases are likely to act as a disincentive to investment, and for property income will most likely be passed on by landlords to their tenants via higher rents. It was also confirmed that the changes to property income rates will apply in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. The Government therefore will engage with the devolved Governments of Scotland and Wales to provide them with the ability to set property income tax rates in line with the current income tax powers in each of their fiscal frameworks. Earlier self-assessment payments From April 2029, self-assessment (SA) taxpayers with PAYE income will be required to pay more of their SA liability in-year via PAYE. The Government will publish a consultation in early 2026 on delivering this change, and also on ‘timelier tax payment’ for those with only SA income. This change comes as a surprise given discussions in the last few years in the context of Making Tax Digital that the Government was not seeking to target earlier payments of SA tax. Individual savings accounts (ISAs) From 6 April 2027 the annual ISA cash limit will be reduced from £20,000 to £12,000. Annual subscription limits will remain at £20,000 for ISAs, £4,000 for Lifetime ISAs and £9,000 for Junior ISAs and Child Trust Funds until 5 April 2031. Savers over the age of 65 will continue to be able to save up to £20,000 in a cash ISA each year. Image rights payments From 6 April 2027 all image rights payments related to an employment will be treated as taxable employment income and subject to income tax, and employer and employee NICs, a move which is viewed as targeting the UK’s sporting sector. Capital gains tax (CGT): incorporation relief claims process and employee ownership trusts From 6 April 2026 Section 162 TCGA 1992 incorporation relief for capital gains tax (CGT) which is available for transfers of a business to a company will no longer apply automatically where its conditions are met, therefore a new claims process will be introduced for this relief. From 26 November 2025 the CGT relief available on qualifying disposals to Employee Ownership Trusts was reduced from 100 percent of the gain to 50 percent. Miscellaneous increased thresholds The married couples allowance, blind persons allowance and qualifying care relief (the amount of income tax relief available to foster carers and shared lives carers) will all increase by 3.8 percent from 6 April 2026. Loan charge review outcome and new settlement opportunity In response to Ray McCann’s independent review of the loan charge and the Government’s subsequent response to this, both of which were published alongside the Budget, the Government published details in a policy paper of a new settlement opportunity to bring this issue to a close for taxpayers. Employment expenses for homeworking and cancelled shifts Income tax relief for non-reimbursed home working expenses will be removed for employees from 6 April 2026. However, employers will still be able to reimburse employees for these costs, where eligible, without having to deduct PAYE. Legislation will also be introduced to ensure that payments introduced by Section 27BP of the Employment Rights Act 1996 for shifts cancelled, moved, or curtailed at short notice will be treated as earnings from 6 April 2026. IHT: treatment of unused pension funds/death benefits and anti-avoidance As announced at Autumn Budget 2024, the Government will bring most unused pension funds and death benefits into the scope of UK IHT from 6 April 2027. However, personal representatives will be able to direct pension scheme administrators to withhold 50 percent of taxable benefits for up to 15 months and pay the IHT due in certain circumstances. After they have received clearance from HMRC, personal representatives will also be discharged from the liability to pay IHT on pensions discovered. According to the Budget Red book, the Government will legislate to prevent IHT avoidance through certain loopholes, ‘including ensuring UK agricultural property held via non-UK entities is treated as UK-situated addressing changes in status of trust assets before and exit charge, and restricting charity exemptions to direct gifts to UK charities and clubs’. These changes, which are yet to be legislated for, took effect for trust exit charges from 26 November 2025, for gifts to charities in lifetime from 26 November 2025 or on a death from 6 April 2026, and for UK agricultural property from 6 April 2026. A cap of £5 million will also be introduced on relevant property trust charges for pre 30 October 2024 excluded property trusts. This change applies retrospectively to trust charges from 6 April 2025. Residence-based tax regime The Government also says that it will publish legislation to make minor corrections to the residence-based tax regime which took effect from 6 April 2025 for income tax, CGT and IHT. Temporary non-residence anti-avoidance Legislation will apply from 6 April 2026 to remove the post departure trade profits provisions from this legislation which will mean that all dividends received during a period of temporary non-residence will be chargeable to UK tax. Overseas workday relief The proportion of earnings an employer can exclude from PAYE through a PAYE notification will be limited to a maximum 30 percent if the individual is a qualifying new resident and eligible for overseas workday relief. This will take effect from 6 April 2026. Defined benefit (DB) pension scheme surplus payments From April 2027 the government will enable ‘well-funded’ DB pension schemes to pay surplus funds directly to scheme members over the normal minimum pension age, where scheme rules and trustees permit it.

Last week’s Autumn Budget, the second for Chancellor of the Exchequer Rachel Reeves, featured tax rises of £26 billion and are being used to finance additional spending and provide more fiscal headroom of almost £22 billion, up from £9.9 billion after last year’s Budget. You can read the Institute’s initial reaction to the Budget here, see coverage of our comments across the media later in this newsletter, and visit our UK Budget 2025 page for useful links, all UK Autumn Budget 2025 news stories and useful guidance. Last week a Special Budget Newsletter issued to members on the day covering our reaction and key announcements. In depth coverage of the 2025 UK Autumn Budget features later in this newsletter and in next Monday’s edition of Chartered Accountants Tax News. The Institute will be discussing the Budget in the coming weeks with HMRC and local Government. Last Wednesday the Chancellor confirmed that the April 2026 changes to agricultural property relief and business property relief for inheritance tax are proceeding; the only mitigation announced is that the £1 million allowance will be transferable between spouses and civil partners. Whilst this is welcome and was amongst a range of recommendations made by the Institute in previous submissions to Government on this issue, it does not go far enough to protect genuine farming activity and older farmers, particularly in Northern Ireland. The Institute continues to call for a special derogation from these changes for the region given the importance of our agricultural and family owned business sectors. Our Budget 2025 analysis this week and next is based on the publications of HMRC and HM Treasury. The Budget 2025 Overview of Tax Legislation and Rates has also been published and HMRC has sent a detailed update by email. The Chancellor’s Budget Resolutions were subsequently introduced to Parliament on the afternoon of the Budget. These are expected to be followed later this week with the publication of the draft Finance Bill. A date is yet to be set for first reading of this Bill in the House of Commons, which will be known as Finance No. 2 Bill. The Treasury Select Committee has also announced a series of evidence sessions to scrutinise the Budget.

 Whether you’re applying for a new role in practice, industry, or financial services, your CV is your professional handshake and your sales document to get you in the door and to create an opportunity for you to speak to a prospective employer. It’s often the first impression you make with employers, recruiters and HR professionals. Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools can be powerful allies in refining and tailoring your CV—but only if used wisely. For members of Chartered Accountants Ireland, the challenge is to harness AI for efficiency while maintaining authenticity, accuracy, and professional integrity. ✅ DO: Use AI to polish structure and language : Streamline formatting for clarity and consistency - Applicant Tracking Systems (ATS) are widely used by employers and recruitment firms. AI can help ensure your CV is clean, consistent, and easy to review, reducing the risk of being overlooked. Instruct the AI to reformat your CV to be more palatable to an ATS. Refine bullet points to highlight achievements and value-add - Instead of listing duties and responsibilities, use AI to sharpen your phrasing around measurable outcomes. For example: “Delivered audit efficiencies resulting in a 15% reduction in fieldwork hours.” “Implemented ERP system migration across three subsidiaries, improving reporting accuracy.” Ask the AI to suggest and enhance these elements in your cv. Tailor your CV to each role - AI will help you align your CV with keywords in job specifications. Tip:  Feed the job spec to the AI and then and ask it to align your CV with the required skills and competencies in the role. If you are pivoting into a different area of career direction AI tools can reposition the terms and grammar in your CV to be more pointed and bring your transferrable soft skills to the fore.   ✅ DO: Let AI help with tone and grammar : Ensure professional, confident language AI can eliminate passive phrasing and sharpen your tone so that your CV reads as achievement-focused rather than task-oriented. Instruct it on latter iterations to ‘sharpen the tone and make the terminology more achievement focused’. Highlight quantifiable results: Employers value tangible outcomes. AI can help you reframe statements to emphasise your measurable impact: “I reduced monthly reporting cycle by 30%.” “I led the €5M budget planning process across multiple jurisdictions.” ✅ DO: Use AI for brainstorming: Generate strong action verbs - AI can suggest impactful verbs such as streamlined, negotiated, implemented, advised, or optimised—helping you avoid repetition. Identify transferable skills - Particularly useful if you’re pivoting from practice to industry or vice versa. AI can help you surface skills such as stakeholder management, regulatory compliance, or systems implementation that may not be obvious at first glance. ❌ DON’T: Fabricate qualifications or experience Avoid inflated claims - AI tools may suggest impressive-sounding credentials or roles. Do not overinflate your actual experience or core skills and expertise.  Misrepresentation can damage your personal brand and career prospects. Always carefully review the revised CV and check your level of comfort with it. ❌ DON’T: Submit without personal review Guard against generic output - AI-generated CVs can sometimes sound formulaic or misaligned with what an employer expects to see in a CV. Proofread, personalise and put your own stamp on it which may mean small rewrites in sections. Include specific context - Employers value detail such as: Client sectors (e.g., construction, agri-food, financial services). Company names where acceptable. Employer revenue and employee numbers to give scale context. Eg - Software proficiencies (Sage, Xero, SAP, Oracle). Eg - Regulatory experience (Irish GAAP, IFRS, FRS 102, Central Bank reporting). Size and scale of current company eg- Number of employees in the company. Number of people you directly manage. Detail re the turnover level of the company for context. ❌ DON’T: Overuse buzzwords Substance over style Phrases like “dynamic leader” or “results-driven” are acceptable only when backed by evidence. Employers prefer concrete achievements over vague descriptors. Let your outcomes speak for themselves - Replace generic claims with specifics: Instead of “innovative thinker,” write “developed a tax planning strategy that reduced liabilities by €200K.” ⚖️ Final thoughts AI is a powerful tool for members seeking to sharpen their CVs. It can enhance clarity, structure, and relevance, but it is not a substitute for authenticity! Your CV should reflect your unique career journey, values, and professional integrity. Make sure your personality and ambitions shine through in the document. Think of AI as your assistant, not your author. Use it to polish, but ensure the final document is unmistakably yours. If you’d like tailored support for your CV or career progression, reach out to your Chartered Accountants Ireland Careers Team—we can provide personalised guidance aligned customised to your individual situation.

Wednesday’s UK Autumn Budget and the second for Chancellor of the Exchequer Rachel Reeves, as predicted, featured tax rises, £26 billion in total to be exact (down slightly from £32 billion in the 2024 Autumn Budget). These are mostly financing additional spending and providing additional fiscal headroom. According to the Chancellor, the Budget will build ‘fiscal headroom’ of almost £22 billion, up from £9.9 billion after last year’s Budget. The rises come on the back of the Office for Budget Responsibility’s downgraded productivity forecast, which had been published online early by mistake and saw Parliamentarians poring over the document on their phones as they sat in the House of Commons chamber before the Chancellor stood up to speak. Disappointingly, the only mitigation that has been announced to the controversial changes to agricultural property relief and business property relief which take effect from next April is that the £1 million allowance will be transferable between spouses and civil partners. However this was amongst our recommendations on this issue made here, here and most recently in our evidence submission to the House of Lords Finance Bill Sub-Committee inquiry into draft Finance Bill 2025/26. This, and a range of other mitigations, were also highlighted by the Institute’s UK Tax Manager, Leontia Doran, in last month’s oral evidence session to that Committee. Whilst this is a welcome mitigation, it does not go far enough to ensure that the changes are targeted at wealthier farms and businesses. Further, there have been no transitional measures announced to protect older farmers in particular. The Institute will continue to call for a special derogation from these changes for Northern Ireland. You can read our full reaction to the Budget in our Press Release and visit our UK Autumn Budget 2025 page here. Buried in the Budget publications was the news that in 2026/27 there will be no late submission penalties for Making Tax Digital (MTD) for income tax quarterly updates. The Institute has been continually calling for the Government to announce a soft landing for MTD and did so as recently as last month in our Pre-Budget submission and in a letter in September to HMRC’s new CEO. Also hidden on page 110 of the Budget Red Book was the news that the Government will not regulate tax advisers. Instead it “will work in partnership with the sector to raise standards in the tax advice market”. What this precisely means is not yet clear, however this a welcome confirmation that our members are not facing dual regulation which we recommended in our response to the consultation ‘Raising standards in the tax advice market – strengthening the regulatory framework and improving registration’ in 2024. On the personal taxes side, several thresholds will continue to be frozen until 5 April 2031, and, commencing from April 2026, there will be an increase to the income tax rates for dividends of 2 percent for both the basic and higher rate, followed by a 2 percent increase for all rate bands for property and savings income from April 2027. This will apply in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland. On the business front, e-invoicing will be mandatory for business from April 2029. There are also proposals to require income tax Self-Assessment taxpayers with PAYE income to pay more of their tax liability in-year via PAYE from April 2029. The Northern Ireland Executive will receive an additional £240 million resource funding and £130 million capital funding through the operation of the Barnett formula. The Government also announced the proposed sector, geography, and co-investment for the Northern Ireland Enhanced Investment Zone. And to boost trade between Northern Ireland and Great Britain, £16.55 million will be provided over three years from 2026/27 to “create a ‘one stop shop’ support service that will help businesses navigate the Windsor Framework, unlock opportunities for trading across the UK internal market, and enable businesses based in Northern Ireland to take advantage of their access to UK and EU markets”. The Institute will continue its campaign for a lower rate of corporation tax for Northern Ireland and last week wrote to the Exchequer Secretary to the Treasury ahead of the Budget on this issue. The publications of HMRC and HM Treasury set out the Budget in full detail. More detail on the key tax announcements will feature in next Monday’s edition of Chartered Accountants Tax News.